{"id":35295,"date":"2020-11-07T21:02:00","date_gmt":"2020-11-07T19:02:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/?p=35295"},"modified":"2020-11-06T21:08:36","modified_gmt":"2020-11-06T19:08:36","slug":"honnan-van-a-madarak-elkepeszto-kognitiv-kepessege","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/?p=35295&lang=hu","title":{"rendered":"Honnan van a madarak elk\u00e9peszt\u0151 kognit\u00edv k\u00e9pess\u00e9ge?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Az eml\u0151s\u00f6k nagyon okosak, fejlett aggyal \u00e9s agyk\u00e9reggel rendelkeznek, ez\u00e9rt gyakran azt felt\u00e9telezz\u00fck, hogy az eml\u0151s\u00f6k fejlett kognit\u00edv k\u00e9pess\u00e9gei szorosan \u00f6sszef\u00fcggenek az agyk\u00e9reg evol\u00faci\u00f3j\u00e1val. Azonban a madarak is nagyon okosak lehetnek elk\u00e9peszt\u0151 kognit\u00edv k\u00e9pess\u00e9gekkel, b\u00e1r nincs agyk\u00e9rg\u00fck. De akkor hogyan csin\u00e1lj\u00e1k?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>A tudat forr\u00e1sai<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Az ut\u00f3bbi \u00e9vekben egyre \u00fajabb \u00e9s \u00fajabb eredm\u00e9nyek \u00e9rkeznek arr\u00f3l, hogy a madarak eszk\u00f6z\u00f6ket k\u00e9sz\u00edtenek, meg\u00e9rtik az elvont fogalmakat, s\u0151t felismerik Monet \u00e9s Picasso festm\u00e9nyeit. De ugye nincs neocortex\u00fck, ami az eml\u0151s agy\u00e1nak azon ter\u00fclete, ahol a munkamem\u00f3ria, a tervez\u00e9s \u00e9s a probl\u00e9mamegold\u00e1s t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ez sok\u00e1ig zavarba hozta a tud\u00f3sokat, \u00e1m most a kutat\u00f3k felfedeztek egy eddig ismeretlen mikroh\u00e1l\u00f3zatot a madarak agy\u00e1ban, mely az eml\u0151s\u00f6k neocortex\u00e9nek sokat keresett \u00e9s nagyon hi\u00e1nyolt anal\u00f3gi\u00e1ja lehet. Egy k\u00fcl\u00f6n tanulm\u00e1nyban m\u00e1s kutat\u00f3k ugyanezt a r\u00e9gi\u00f3t \u00f6sszek\u00f6t\u00f6tt\u00e9k a tudatos gondolkod\u00e1ssal is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00e1r ez a k\u00e9t felfedez\u00e9s \u00f6nmag\u00e1ban is hatalmas el\u0151rel\u00e9p\u00e9s a madarak intelligenci\u00e1j\u00e1nak kutat\u00e1s\u00e1ban. \u201eGyakran azt felt\u00e9telezik, hogy a madarak idegen agyi architekt\u00far\u00e1ja korl\u00e1tozza a gondolkod\u00e1st, a tudatot \u00e9s a legfejlettebb megismer\u00e9st\u201d \u2013 mondta John Marzluff, vadbiol\u00f3gus \u00e9s varj\u00faszak\u00e9rt\u0151 a Seattle-i Washington Egyetemr\u0151l. \u201eAzokat a kutat\u00f3kat, akik bebizony\u00edtott\u00e1k a madarak kognit\u00edv k\u00e9pess\u00e9geit, nem lept\u00e9k meg ezek az eredm\u00e9nyek, de megk\u00f6nnyebb\u00fcltek.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Why bird brains are more brilliant than anyone suspected\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" data-mhmlazyloadvideo=\"66813d6d9d40e\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/H59GcPgXXv4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><script data-plugin=\"mhm_lazyloadvideo\">mhmlazyloadvideo(\"66813d6d9d40e\");<\/script><noscript><iframe title=\"Why bird brains are more brilliant than anyone suspected\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" data-mhmlazyloadvideo=\"6a2295bb4fd11\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/H59GcPgXXv4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/noscript><script data-plugin=\"mhm_lazyloadvideo\">mhmlazyloadvideo(\"6a2295bb4fd11\");<\/script><noscript><iframe title=\"Why bird brains are more brilliant than anyone suspected\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" data-mhmlazyloadvideo=\"66813d6d9d40e\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/H59GcPgXXv4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><script data-plugin=\"mhm_lazyloadvideo\">mhmlazyloadvideo(\"66813d6d9d40e\");<\/script><noscript><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Why bird brains are more brilliant than anyone suspected\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/H59GcPgXXv4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/noscript><\/noscript>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Hasonl\u00f3 k\u00e9pess\u00e9gek<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Martin Stacho, a Rochr-Bochumi Egyetem neuroanat\u00f3musa a madarak \u00e9s az eml\u0151s\u00f6k hasonl\u00f3 kognit\u00edv k\u00e9pess\u00e9gei miatt d\u00f6nt\u00f6tt \u00fagy, hogy megvizsg\u00e1lja a madarak \u00e9szlel\u00e9st ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00f3 el\u0151agy\u00e1t. \u201eAz eml\u0151s\u00f6k \u00e9s a madarak agy\u00e1nak \u00e1tfog\u00f3 \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00e1sa azt sugallja, hogy semmi k\u00f6z\u00f6s nincs benn\u00fck. A madaraknak \u00e9s az eml\u0151s\u00f6knek ugyanakkor sok hasonl\u00f3 kognit\u00edv k\u00e9pess\u00e9g\u00fck van\u201d \u2013 mondta el Stacho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Annak kider\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re, hogy a madarak agya mik\u00e9nt t\u00e1mogatja ment\u00e1lis k\u00e9pess\u00e9geiket Stacho \u00e9s koll\u00e9g\u00e1i 3D-s polariz\u00e1lt f\u00e9nyk\u00e9pez\u00e9s seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel megvizsg\u00e1lt\u00e1k h\u00e1rom postagalamb agy\u00e1nak mikroszkopikus szeleteit. A nagy felbont\u00e1s\u00fa technol\u00f3gia lehet\u0151v\u00e9 tette sz\u00e1mukra, hogy elemezz\u00e9k a pallium nev\u0171 el\u0151agyi r\u00e9gi\u00f3 kapcsolatait, melyet legink\u00e1bb az eml\u0151s\u00f6k neocortex\u00e9hez hasonl\u00edthatn\u00e1nk. B\u00e1r a palliumb\u00f3l hi\u00e1nyzik a k\u00e9reg hat r\u00e9tege, jellegzetes szerkezete van, hossz\u00fa sz\u00e1lakkal \u00f6sszek\u00f6tve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A tud\u00f3sok \u00f6sszevetett\u00e9k a madarak palli\u00e1j\u00e1nak k\u00e9p\u00e9t a patk\u00e1ny, a majom \u00e9s az emberi agyk\u00e9reg k\u00e9peivel. Elemz\u00e9s\u00fckb\u0151l kider\u00fclt, hogy a madarak palli\u00e1j\u00e1ban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 rostok az eml\u0151s\u00f6k agyk\u00e9rg\u00e9ben l\u00e9v\u0151 rostokhoz hasonl\u00f3an vannak elrendezve. A kutat\u00e1s sor\u00e1n k\u00e9t t\u00e1voli rokons\u00e1gban \u00e1ll\u00f3 mad\u00e1rfaj, a galamb \u00e9s a bagoly agy\u00e1nak neuronjai k\u00f6z\u00f6tti kapcsolatokat vizualiz\u00e1lt\u00e1k. A kutat\u00f3k a madarak agy\u00e1nak \u00e9rz\u00e9kszervi ter\u00fcletein olyan h\u00e1l\u00f3zatokat fedeztek fel, melyek hasonl\u00f3ak voltak az eml\u0151s\u00f6k neocortexben tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3khoz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ez a neuroarchitekt\u00fara, vagyis a strukt\u00far\u00e1k k\u00f6z\u00f6tti kapcsolatok, nem pedig maguk a strukt\u00far\u00e1k magyar\u00e1zz\u00e1k, hogy a madarak mi\u00e9rt olyan kognit\u00edvan tehets\u00e9gesek, mint az eml\u0151s\u00f6k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/W3kDoWJmMvE\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>H\u00e1l\u00f3zatok minden\u00fctt<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201eB\u00e1r a mad\u00e1r \u00e9s az eml\u0151s agya nagyon m\u00e1sk\u00e9pp n\u00e9z ki, ez a kutat\u00e1s megmutatta, hogy val\u00f3j\u00e1ban nagyon hasonl\u00f3 m\u00f3don vannak bek\u00f6tve\u201d \u2013 mondta Marzluff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De vajon vannak-e tudatos tapasztalatai a madaraknak? Tiszt\u00e1ban vannak azzal, amit l\u00e1tnak \u00e9s csin\u00e1lnak? Ennek megismer\u00e9s\u00e9re Andreas Nieder, a T\u00fcbingeni Egyetem neurofiziol\u00f3gusa megvizsg\u00e1lta a kormos varjak (Corvus corrone) agy\u00e1t, mik\u00f6zben azok ingerekre reag\u00e1ltak. Az intelligenci\u00e1jukr\u00f3l tollas majmokk\u00e9nt is ismert varjak m\u00e9g ok-okozati okfejt\u00e9sre is k\u00e9pesek. \u201eDe a tudatoss\u00e1g beazonos\u00edt\u00e1sa az ilyen k\u00eds\u00e9rletekb\u0151l kih\u00edv\u00e1st jelent\u201d \u2013 mondta Nieder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A dolog megfejt\u00e9s\u00e9hez egy ahhoz hasonl\u00f3 tesztet haszn\u00e1ltak, mellyel a f\u0151eml\u0151s\u00f6k tudatoss\u00e1g\u00e1nak jeleit is azonos\u00edtj\u00e1k. A tudatoss\u00e1g olyan lelki\u00e1llapot, mely bizonyos neuronok hirtelen aktiv\u00e1l\u00f3d\u00e1sa eset\u00e9n j\u00f6n l\u00e9tre. K\u00e9t laborat\u00f3riumban felnevelt egy \u00e9ves kor\u00fa kormos varj\u00fat megtan\u00edtottak arra, hogy mozogjanak vagy mozdulatlanok maradjanak, reag\u00e1lva egy monitoron megjelen\u0151 halv\u00e1ny jelre. Ha helyesen reag\u00e1ltak, a madarakat megjutalmazt\u00e1k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Are Crows the Ultimate Problem Solvers? | Inside the Animal Mind | BBC Earth\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" data-mhmlazyloadvideo=\"66813d6dca73c\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cbSu2PXOTOc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><script data-plugin=\"mhm_lazyloadvideo\">mhmlazyloadvideo(\"66813d6dca73c\");<\/script><noscript><iframe title=\"Are Crows the Ultimate Problem Solvers? | Inside the Animal Mind | BBC Earth\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" data-mhmlazyloadvideo=\"6a2295bb5012c\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cbSu2PXOTOc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/noscript><script data-plugin=\"mhm_lazyloadvideo\">mhmlazyloadvideo(\"6a2295bb5012c\");<\/script><noscript><iframe title=\"Are Crows the Ultimate Problem Solvers? | Inside the Animal Mind | BBC Earth\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" data-mhmlazyloadvideo=\"66813d6dca73c\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cbSu2PXOTOc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><script data-plugin=\"mhm_lazyloadvideo\">mhmlazyloadvideo(\"66813d6dca73c\");<\/script><noscript><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Are Crows the Ultimate Problem Solvers? | Inside the Animal Mind | BBC Earth\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cbSu2PXOTOc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/noscript><\/noscript>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A tud\u00f3sok ezut\u00e1n elektr\u00f3d\u00e1kat \u00fcltettek be a varjak agy\u00e1ba, hogy r\u00f6gz\u00edts\u00e9k idegsejtjeik v\u00e1laszait. Amikor a varjak reag\u00e1ltak, az idegsejtjeik kis\u00fcltek, ami arra utalt, hogy tudatosan \u00e9szlelt\u00e9k a jelz\u00e9st, de amikor ezt nem tett\u00e9k meg, az idegsejtjeik is n\u00e9m\u00e1k maradtak. A varjak tudatos akci\u00f3i sor\u00e1n elektromos aktivit\u00e1st mutat\u00f3 idegsejtek a palli\u00e1ban helyezkedtek el. Nieder ezt a szenzoros tudat empirikus marker\u00e9nek nevezte a madarak agy\u00e1ban, hasonl\u00f3an a f\u0151eml\u0151s\u00f6kn\u00e9l tapasztaltakhoz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201eA k\u00eds\u00e9rletek ut\u00e1n nagy vita v\u00e1rhat\u00f3, mert egyes kutat\u00f3k azzal \u00e9rvelnek, hogy a tudat egyed\u00fcl\u00e1ll\u00f3an emberi\u201d \u2013 mondta el Irene Pepperberg, a Harvard Egyetem \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 pszichol\u00f3gusa, aki Alex-el, az afrikai sz\u00fcrke papag\u00e1jjal v\u00e9gzett munk\u00e1j\u00e1r\u00f3l ismert, ami k\u00e9pes volt angolul kommunik\u00e1lni elvont fogalmakr\u00f3l. Pepperberg nem vett r\u00e9szt az \u00faj kutat\u00e1sokban, de \u201eigaz\u00e1n izgalmasnak\u201d tartja \u0151ket.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/raketa.hu\/rajottek-hogy-egyes-madarak-mitol-olyan-intelligensek-hogy-talan-meg-ontudatuk-is-van\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">(raketa.hu)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Annak ellen\u00e9re, hogy a madaraknak nincs agyk\u00e9rg\u00fck nagyon is okosak lehetnek elk\u00e9peszt\u0151 kognit\u00edv k\u00e9pess\u00e9gekkel b\u00edrnak.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":35296,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41,596,598,25,39],"tags":[25628,25627,9054],"class_list":["post-35295","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cikkek","category-erdekes","category-tudomany","category-videok","category-vilag","tag-agykereg","tag-kognitiv-kepesseg","tag-madarak"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35295","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=35295"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35295\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/35296"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=35295"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=35295"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=35295"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}