{"id":55676,"date":"2021-05-08T22:22:00","date_gmt":"2021-05-08T19:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/?p=55676"},"modified":"2021-05-07T23:10:44","modified_gmt":"2021-05-07T20:10:44","slug":"magyar-kutatok-fejtettek-meg-a-tobb-milliard-eves-bakteriumok-titkat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/?p=55676&lang=hu","title":{"rendered":"Magyar kutat\u00f3k fejtett\u00e9k meg a t\u00f6bb milli\u00e1rd \u00e9ves bakt\u00e9riumok titk\u00e1t"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u00f6bb mint 3 milli\u00e1rd \u00e9vvel ezel\u0151tt \u00e9lt \u0151sbakt\u00e9riumok fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t, m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00e9s \u00e9letm\u00f3dj\u00e1t vizsg\u00e1lt\u00e1k az E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Tudom\u00e1nyegyetem Term\u00e9szettudom\u00e1nyi Kar (ELTE TTK) kutat\u00f3i egy nemzetk\u00f6zi kutat\u00e1s sor\u00e1n a filogenetika eszk\u00f6zeivel, amir\u0151l a Science Magazin is besz\u00e1moltak p\u00e9nteken. Vizsg\u00e1lataik szerint a legels\u0151 bakt\u00e9rium egy p\u00e1lcika form\u00e1j\u00fa, mozg\u00e1sra \u00e9s k\u00f6rnyezet\u00e9nek \u00e9rz\u00e9kel\u00e9s\u00e9re k\u00e9pes, v\u00edrusok elleni v\u00e9delemmel rendelkez\u0151, viszonylag komplex \u00e9l\u0151l\u00e9ny volt, emellett f\u00e9ny der\u00fclt a legkor\u00e1bban l\u00e9trej\u00f6tt bakt\u00e9riumcsal\u00e1dokra is.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A bakt\u00e9riumok a F\u00f6ld egyik legsoksz\u00edn\u0171bb \u00e9s legnagyobb sz\u00e1mban jelen l\u00e9v\u0151 organizmusai. A DNS-szekven\u00e1l\u00e1snak k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhet\u0151en egyre t\u00f6bbet tudunk fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00fckr\u0151l, \u00e9letm\u00f3djukr\u00f3l \u00e9s funkci\u00f3jukr\u00f3l, valamint meghat\u00e1rozhatjuk rokons\u00e1gi viszonyukat, ami a filogenetika tudom\u00e1ny\u00e1g legf\u0151bb c\u00e9lja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A filogenetikusok dolg\u00e1t azonban megnehez\u00edti, hogy a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyekkel \u00e9s \u00e1llatokkal ellent\u00e9tben a bakt\u00e9riumok nemcsak \u201esz\u00fcleikt\u0151l\u201d \u00f6r\u00f6k\u00f6lhetnek g\u00e9neket (vertik\u00e1lis \u00f6r\u00f6kl\u0151d\u00e9s), hanem jelent\u0151s a k\u00f6rnyezetb\u0151l felvett funkci\u00f3ik sz\u00e1ma is (horizont\u00e1lis \u00f6r\u00f6kl\u0151d\u00e9s) \u2013 olvashat\u00f3 az ELTE k\u00f6zlem\u00e9ny\u00e9ben. P\u00e9ldak\u00e9nt eml\u00edtik, hogy ez \u00e1ltal szerezhet egy bakt\u00e9rium antibiotikummal szembeni rezisztenci\u00e1t egy, ak\u00e1r teljesen m\u00e1s fajhoz tartoz\u00f3 t\u00e1rs\u00e1t\u00f3l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A horizont\u00e1lis \u00e9s vertik\u00e1lis \u00f6r\u00f6kl\u0151d\u00e9s egy\u00fcttes jelenl\u00e9te miatt a kutat\u00f3kban felmer\u00fclt a k\u00e9rd\u00e9s, hogy le\u00edrhat\u00f3-e egyetlen csal\u00e1df\u00e1val \u00e9vmilli\u00e1rdokra visszamen\u0151leg a rokons\u00e1gi viszonyok h\u00e1l\u00f3zata, rekonstru\u00e1lhat\u00f3-e minden ma \u00e9l\u0151 modern bakt\u00e9rium k\u00f6z\u00f6s \u0151se?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.nwmgroups.hu\/s\/img\/i\/2002\/20200213bakterium-bacterium-artwork-medicine-infection.jpg?w=800&amp;h=612&amp;t=5\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Az ELTE TTK-n m\u0171k\u00f6d\u0151, Sz\u00f6ll\u0151si Gergely J\u00e1nos magyar biofizikus \u00e1ltal vezetett ERC GENECLOCKS \u00e9s MTA-ELTE \u201eLend\u00fclet\u201d Evol\u00faci\u00f3s Genomika kutat\u00f3csoportok a Bristoli \u00e9s Queenslandi Egyetemmel egy\u00fcttm\u0171k\u00f6dve k\u00eds\u00e9relt\u00e9k meg a fenti k\u00e9rd\u00e9sek tiszt\u00e1z\u00e1s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00f3dszer\u00fck l\u00e9nyege, hogy a horizont\u00e1lis g\u00e9ntranszfereket, melyeket a tudom\u00e1nyter\u00fclet eddig jellemz\u0151en zajk\u00e9nt kezelt, \u00e9s gyakran figyelmen k\u00edv\u00fcl hagyott, explicit modellezt\u00e9k a filogenetikai rekonstrukci\u00f3 sor\u00e1n. Ennek a megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9snek a l\u00e9tjogosults\u00e1g\u00e1t meger\u0151s\u00edtette az az eredm\u00e9ny, hogy a g\u00e9n\u00f6r\u00f6kl\u0151d\u00e9s k\u00e9tharmada vertik\u00e1lis, m\u00edg egyharmada horizont\u00e1lis volt. Ezek alapj\u00e1n lehets\u00e9gess\u00e9 v\u00e1lt egyetlen f\u00e1val le\u00edrni a bakt\u00e9riumok evol\u00faci\u00f3j\u00e1t, ugyanakkor fontos a horizont\u00e1lis komponensek figyelembev\u00e9tele is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A vertik\u00e1lis \u00e9s horizont\u00e1lis \u00f6r\u00f6kl\u0151d\u00e9st egy\u00fcttesen kezel\u0151 m\u00f3dszer seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel siker\u00fclt az egyes g\u00e9nek evol\u00faci\u00f3j\u00e1t visszak\u00f6vetni id\u0151ben, \u00e9s \u00edgy minden eddigin\u00e9l pontosabban meghat\u00e1rozni a k\u00f6z\u00f6s \u0151s g\u00e9ntartalm\u00e1t, ennek seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel pedig k\u00f6zvetetten k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 tulajdons\u00e1gait. A vizsg\u00e1lat szerint ez az egysejt\u0171, ami t\u00f6bb mint h\u00e1rommilli\u00e1rd \u00e9ve \u00e9lt, egy p\u00e1lcika form\u00e1j\u00fa, k\u00e9tmembr\u00e1nos (diderm), mozg\u00e1sra \u00e9s k\u00f6rnyezet\u00e9nek \u00e9rz\u00e9kel\u00e9s\u00e9re k\u00e9pes (chemotaxis), v\u00edrusok elleni v\u00e9delemmel rendelkez\u0151 (fejlett CRISPR\/Cas rendszer), viszonylag komplex \u00e9l\u0151l\u00e9ny volt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"309\" src=\"http:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/20200224escherichia-coli.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-55680\" srcset=\"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/20200224escherichia-coli.jpg 800w, https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/20200224escherichia-coli-300x116.jpg 300w, https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/20200224escherichia-coli-768x297.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A k\u00f6z\u00f6s \u0151st k\u00f6vet\u0151en a bakteri\u00e1lis evol\u00faci\u00f3 k\u00e9t f\u0151 \u00e1gra v\u00e1lt sz\u00e9t, a Gracilicutesra \u2013 melyek ma is \u00e9l\u0151 k\u00e9pvisel\u0151je p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a b\u00e9lben \u00e9l\u0151 Escherichia coli \u2013 \u00e9s a Terrabacteri\u00e1ra \u2013 melyek k\u00f6z\u00e9 t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt a cianobakt\u00e9rium is tartozik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A k\u00f6zlem\u00e9ny szerint a projekt megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1hoz elengedhetetlen volt az ERC GENECLOCKS \u00e9s MTA-ELTE \u201eLend\u00fclet\u201d Evol\u00faci\u00f3s Genomika kutat\u00f3csoportok mintegy 30.5 FP64 TFLOPS sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1si teljes\u00edtm\u00e9ny\u0171 HPC klasztere, melyet Sz\u00e1nth\u00f3 L\u00e9n\u00e1rd Lajos, az ELTE TTK Biol\u00f3giai Fizika Tansz\u00e9k mesterszakos hallgat\u00f3ja tervezett, \u00e1ll\u00edtott \u00f6ssze \u00e9s \u00fczemeltet az ELTE Informatikai Igazgat\u00f3s\u00e1g (IIG) \u00e1ltal biztos\u00edtott szerverteremben.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.origo.hu\/tudomany\/20210507-osbakteriumokat-rekonstrualtak-az-elte-kutatoi.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">(origo.hu)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00f6bb mint 3 milli\u00e1rd \u00e9vvel ezel\u0151tt \u00e9lt \u0151sbakt\u00e9riumok fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t, m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00e9s \u00e9letm\u00f3dj\u00e1t vizsg\u00e1lt\u00e1k az E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Tudom\u00e1nyegyetem Term\u00e9szettudom\u00e1nyi Kar (ELTE TTK) kutat\u00f3i egy nemzetk\u00f6zi kutat\u00e1s sor\u00e1n a filogenetika eszk\u00f6zeivel, amir\u0151l a Science Magazin is besz\u00e1moltak p\u00e9nteken.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":55680,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41,11,592,39],"tags":[23949,15212,710],"class_list":["post-55676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cikkek","category-kiemelt-tema","category-tarsadalom","category-vilag","tag-bakteriumok","tag-eotvos-lorand-tudomanyegyetem-elte","tag-kutatas"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55676","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=55676"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55676\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/55680"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=55676"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=55676"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/life.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=55676"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}